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Traditional Christmas service of Christian worship

Nine Lessons and Carols
A service of Nine Lessons in 2010 at St. George's School, Newport, Rhode Isle, Usa
Genre	Religious service/Anglican church music
Venue	Christian churches worldwide, notably King'southward College Chapel, Cambridge
Inaugurated	24 December 1880 (1880-12-24)
Founder	Edward White Benson

Nine Lessons and Carols, also known equally the Festival of Ix Lessons and Carols and Service of 9 Lessons and Carols, is a service of Christian worship traditionally celebrated on or near Christmas Eve. The story of the autumn of humanity, the promise of the Messiah, and the birth of Jesus is told in 9 brusk Bible readings or lessons from Genesis, the prophetic books and the Gospels, interspersed with the singing of Christmas carols, hymns and choir anthems.

History [edit]

Order of Service for the outset Nine Lessons and Carols in 1880 on display in Truro Cathedral

Although the tradition of Nine Lessons and Carols is popularly associated with King'southward College, Cambridge, its origins are attributed to Truro Cathedral in Cornwall. Up to the late 19th century, the singing of Christmas carols was usually performed by singers visiting people's houses, and carols — generally considered to exist secular in content — had been excluded from Christian worship. In the Victorian era, the rising popularity of hymnody encouraged church musicians to innovate carols into worship. An 1875 volume of carols, Carols for Employ in Church During Christmas and Epiphany by Richard Chope and Sabine Baring-Gould, was an influential publication. At around this fourth dimension, the composer and organist John Stainer was compiling a drove, Christmas Carols New and Old, and during Christmas 1878 he introduced carols into the service of Choral Evensong at St Paul's Cathedral in London.^[ane] Other cathedrals likewise began to adopt carols at Christmastide that year and the Royal Cornwall Gazette reported that the choir of Truro Cathedral would sing a service of carols at ten:00 pm on Christmas Eve:

The Choir of the Cathedral will sing a number of carols in the Cathedral on Christmas Eve, the service commencing at 10pm. We sympathise that this is at the wish of many of the leading parishioners and others. A like service has been instituted in other cathedral and big towns, and has been much appreciated. It is the intention of the choir to no longer keep the custom of singing carols at the residences of members of the congregation.

Two years after, the Right Rev. Edward White Benson, at that fourth dimension Bishop of Truro, conducted the first formal service of "Nine Lessons and Carols" on Christmas Eve (24 December) 1880. Benson, concerned at the excessive consumption of alcohol in Cornish pubs during the festive season, sought a means of attracting revellers out of the pubs and into church by offering a religious celebration of Christmas. The idea for a service consisting of Christmas music interspersed with Bible readings was proposed by the succentor of the cathedral, the Rev. George Walpole (who later became Bishop of Edinburgh). The cathedral — a Victorian gothic edifice — was nonetheless under construction, and services were being held in a temporary wooden construction which served as a pro-cathedral. The beginning Nine Lessons and Carols service took place there at 10:00 p.m. on Christmas Eve and was attended past over 400 people.^{[iii] [4] [5]}

Benson'due south son, A. C. Benson, later recalled:

My begetter arranged from ancient sources a petty services for Christmas Eve, nine carols and nine tiny lessons. They were read past various officers of the church building, beginning with a chorister and ending, through different grades, with the bishop.

Bishop Benson was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1883, and the 9 Lessons service began to gain in popularity across the Church of England and the wider Anglican Communion, also as Roman Catholic churches in England & Wales. The original liturgy has since been adapted and used by other churches all over the earth, peculiarly in English-speaking countries. Lessons and Carols most oftentimes occur in Anglican churches. However, numerous Christian denominations take adopted the service, or a variation of it, every bit part of their Christmas celebrations. In the UK, the service has become the standard format for school ballad services.

In 1916, a service of 9 Lessons and Carols was held at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island; the institution celebrated the 100th anniversary of its Lessons and Carols in 2016.^[7]

Notably in 1918, the Rev. Eric Milner-White the new Dean of King's College, Cambridge, introduced the service to the college chapel, taking advantage of the established choral tradition of the Choir of King's College, Cambridge. It proved highly successful, and began an annual tradition — albeit with some alterations to Benson's original format from 1919 onwards. The BBC began to broadcast the service on the radio from 1928 and on goggle box from 1954, establishing Carols from King'southward as the nigh popular and widely recognised presentation of the service.^{[eight] [4]}

In North America, the Lessons and Carols tradition spread to other US and Canadian institutions. In 1928, organist and choirmaster Twining Lynes, introduced the service to Groton School in Groton, Massachusetts after being inspired by services in England.^[9]

In Canada, the Festival of Ix Lessons and carols is washed multilingually at Bishop'south College School, Québec, with the nine lessons read in 9 languages or dialects.

In Dec 2013, Truro Cathedral staged a reconstruction of Bishop Benson's original 1880 Nine Lessons with Carols Service which was attended by a congregation of over 1,500 people.^[5]

Service at Male monarch's College, Cambridge [edit]

The start Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, was held on Christmas Eve in 1918. During Globe War I the dean, Eric Milner-White, had served as army chaplain in the 7th Infantry Division and he was concerned that the distress of the "Bang-up State of war" had hardened attitudes against faith. Taking advantage of the established choral tradition of the Choir of Rex's Higher, Cambridge, he introduced Benson'southward carol service to Male monarch's as a means of attracting people back to Christian worship. The first Ix Lessons service in King's College Chapel was held on Christmas Eve, 1918, directed past Arthur Henry Mann who was the organist from 1876 to 1929.^[x]

The King's College service was immensely successful, and the following year Milner-White made some changes to Benson'south original format, notably introducing the tradition of opening the service with a solo treble singing "One time in Royal David'due south City". This was then followed by a bidding prayer penned by Milner-White himself, and re-ordering the lessons.^{[eight] [eleven] [4]} The choir had 16 trebles equally specified in statutes laid downward by Henry VI, and until 1927 the men'southward voices were provided past choral scholars and lay clerks. Today, xiv undergraduates from the choir sing the men's parts.^[10]

The popularity of the service was established when the service began to be circulate by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1928, and, except for 1930, has been circulate every year since. During the 1930s the service reached a worldwide audience when the BBC began broadcasting the service on its Overseas Service. Fifty-fifty throughout the Second Earth War, despite the stained glass having been removed from the chapel and the lack of heating, the broadcasts continued. For security reasons, the proper noun "King's" was not mentioned during wartime broadcasts.^[10]

Ix Lessons and Carols from King's College was start televised by BBC Television in 1954, conducted by the manager of music, Boris Ord.^{[12] [13]}

Since the Second World War, it has been estimated that each twelvemonth there are millions of listeners worldwide who listen to the service live on the BBC World Service. Domestically, the service is broadcast live on BBC Radio 4, and a recorded circulate is made on Christmas Day on BBC Radio iii.^[10] In the US, a 1954 service was put into the National Recording Registry past the Library of Congress in 2008.^[14] The broadcast has been heard live on public radio stations affiliated with American Public Media since 1979, and most stations broadcast a echo on Christmas Day. Since 1963, the service has been periodically filmed for television broadcast in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.^[15] Before long, each year a programme entitled Carols from King's is pre-recorded in early or mid-Dec then shown on Christmas Eve in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland on BBC Two and BBC Four. The programme is weighted more than heavily in favour of carols sung by the choir, with only seven readings in full, non all of which are from the Bible.

In 2020, during the Covid pandemic, the service was conducted, for the beginning time, without a congregation.^{[16] [17]} The service did non take identify live, but instead a pre-recorded service produced by King'south College was circulate at the usual fourth dimension.^[18] Information technology was the commencement time since 1930 that the service had not been circulate live.

Order of service [edit]

The format of the commencement Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols did not differ substantially from the one known at King'due south College, Cambridge today. The order of the lessons was revised in 1919, and since that fourth dimension the service has ever begun with the hymn "Once in Royal David'south City".^[x] Today the first poesy is sung unaccompanied by a solo boy chorister. To avert putting him under undue stress, the chorister is non told that he will be singing the solo until immediately before the service is to begin.^[19]

The Nine Lessons, which are the same every twelvemonth, are read by representatives of the college and of the City of Cambridge from the 1611 Authorized King James Version of the Bible. The singing is divided into "carols" which are sung past the choir and "hymns" sung by the choir and congregation. Some services have also included anthems between the carols and hymns, such equally a performance of "Eastward'en So, Lord Jesus, Quickly Come" in 2004.^[20] From 1982, Manager of Music Stephen Cleobury commissioned a new carol each year on behalf of the Higher for the Choir. The carols vary from yr to year, although some music is repeated. The service ends with the hymn "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing". The following is from the service in 2008.^[21]

• Organ preludes

• Processional Hymn: "Once in Purple David'southward City" – words by Cecil Frances Alexander; tune by Henry Gauntlett; harmonised by Henry Gauntlett and A. H. Mann; descant by Stephen Cleobury.

• Bidding Prayer

• Carol: "If Ye would Hear the Angels Sing" – words by D. Greenwell; music by P. Tranchell

• First Lesson from Genesis 3: 8–nineteen (read by a chorister)

• Carol: "Remember, O Thou Human" – words, 16th century; music past Thomas Ravenscroft
• Carol: "Adam lay ybounden" – words, 15th century; music by Boris Ord

• 2nd Lesson from Genesis 22: 15–18 (read past a choral scholar)

• Carol: "Angels from the Realms of Glory" – words past James Montgomery; music, old French tune arranged by Philip S. Ledger
• Carol: "In Dulci Jubilo" – words, 14th-century German; music past Hieronymus Praetorius

• Third Lesson from Isaiah ix: two; six–seven (read by a representative of Cambridge churches)

• Carol: "Nowell Sing We At present All and Some" – words and music medieval, edited by John Stevens
• Hymn: "Unto Us is Built-in a Son" – words, 15th-century Latin, translated by G.R. Woodward; music from Piae Cantiones arranged by David V. Willcocks

• Fourth Lesson from Isaiah 11: 1–3a; 4a; half-dozen–9 (read by a representative of the Metropolis of Cambridge)

• Carol: "The Lamb" – words by William Blake; music by John Tavener
• Ballad: "Lo, How a Rose E'er Blooming" – words, 15th-century German, translated past C. Winkworth; music by Philip S. Ledger

• 5th Lesson from the Gospel of Luke 1: 26–35; 38 (read by a representative of King'due south College's sister college at Eton)

• Carol: "I Sing of a Maiden" – words, 15th century; music by Lennox Berkeley
• Carol: "The Night when She First Gave Birth" ("Mary") – words past Bertolt Brecht, translated by Michael Hamburger; music by Dominic Muldowney

• 6th Lesson from Luke ii: i; 3–7 (read by the Chaplain)

• Carol: "Sweetness Baby, Sleep! What Ails My Dearest?" ("Wither's Rocking Hymn)" – words by George Wither; music past Ralph Vaughan Williams
• Carol: "What Sweeter Music can We Bring" – words by Robert Herrick; music by John Rutter

• Seventh Lesson from Luke two: 8–16 (read by the Director of Music)

• Ballad: "Infant Holy, Infant Lowly" – words, Smooth traditional, translated past Edith M.G. Reed; music bundled past Stephen Cleobury
• Hymn: "God Rest Yous Merry, Gentlemen" – English traditional; arranged by David V. Willcocks

• Eighth Lesson from the Gospel of Matthew 2: 1–12 (read by a fellow of the college)

• Carol: "Illuminare Jerusalem" – words adapted from the Bannatyne manuscript in John and Winifred MacQueen, A Pick of Scottish Poetry, 1470–1570 (1972); music by Judith Weir
• Carol: "Glory, Alleluia to the Christ Child" – words, 17th century; music past A. Bullard

• Ninth Lesson from the Gospel of John i: 1–14 (read past the Provost of the college)

• Hymn: "O Come, All Ye Faithful" ("Adeste Fideles") – words, 18th-century Latin, translated by Frederick Oakeley; melody by John Francis Wade, arranged past Stephen Cleobury

• Collect and Blessing

• Hymn: "Hark! The Herald Angels Sing" – words by Charles Wesley and George Whitefield; music by Felix Mendelssohn; descant by Stephen Cleobury

• Organ Voluntaries: "In Dulci Jubilo" (BWV 729) by Johann Sebastian Bach, "Dieu Parmi Nous" by Olivier Messiaen
• Organ Postlude

Commissioned carols and organ postludes [edit]

Twelvemonth	Titles	Authors
1983	In Winter[ citation needed ] (When One thousand wast born in wintertime)	Words: Betty Askwith Music: Lennox Berkeley
1984	Ane Star, at Concluding[ citation needed ] (Fix on ane star)	Words: George Mackay Brown Music: Peter Maxwell Davies
1985	Illuminare Jerusalem[23]	Words: adapted from the Bannatyne manuscript in John MacQueen; Winifred MacQueen (1972), A Selection of Scottish Verse, 1470–1570 , London: Faber and Faber, ISBN0-571-09532-1 . Music: Judith Weir
1986	Nowel, Nowel, Holly Dark[ commendation needed ]	Words: Walter de la Mare Music: Richard Rodney Bennett
1987	What Sweeter Music Can We Bring[24]	Words: Robert Herrick Music: John Rutter
1988	The Birthday of thy King[ citation needed ] (Awake, glad middle, go up, and sing!)	Words: Subsequently Henry Vaughan Music: Peter Sculthorpe
1989	Carol of St. Steven[ citation needed ]	Words: Adjusted from Due west. Sandys' Christmas Carols Music: Alexander Goehr
1990	Богородице Дево, радуйся[25] (Rejoice, O Virgin Mary)	Words: the Orthodox Liturgy (in Russian) Music: Arvo Pärt
1991	A Gathering[ commendation needed ]	Words: Lancelot Andrewes Music: John Casken
1992	Swetë Jesu[ citation needed ]	Words: Anonymous, 13th Century Music: Nicholas Maw
1993	Christo Paremus Cantica[ commendation needed ]	Words: Bearding, 15th Century Music: Diana Burrell
1994	The Angels[ commendation needed ] (Should you hear them singing among stars)	Words: John V. Taylor Music: Jonathan Harvey
1995	Seinte Marie Moder Milde[ commendation needed ]	Words: From a 13th-century manuscript in the Library of Trinity Higher, Cambridge Music: James MacMillan
1996	Pilgrim Jesus[ commendation needed ] (Iesus! Christus! In the manger of my body)	Words: Kevin Crossley-Holland Music: Stephen Paulus
1997	The Fayrfax Carol[26]	Words: Early Tudor, anonymous Music: Thomas Adès
1998	Wintertime Solstice Carol[27]	English words and music: Giles Swayne Latin words: Magnificat antiphon for Christmas Solar day
1999	On Christmas Day to My Heart[28]	Words: Clement Paman Music: Richard Rodney Bennett
2000	The Iii Kings[29]	Words: The Iii Kings (1916) by Dorothy L. Sayers Music: Jonathan Dove
2001	Spring in Winter[23]	Words: C. Smart, from Hymn &c: The Nativity of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ Music: John Woolrich
2002	The Angel Gabriel Descended to a Virgin[30]	Words: 15th–17th century Music: Robin Holloway
2003	The Gleam[31] (Not nevertheless shepherds the gilded kings)	Words: Stephen Plaice Music: Harrison Birtwistle
2004	God would be born in thee[32] [33] (Lo, in the Silent Night a Child in God is Born)	Words: Angelus Silesius Music: Judith Bingham
2005	Ballad: Away in a Manger[24]	Words: 19th century Music: John Tavener
	Organ postlude: Improvisation on "Adeste Fideles"[24]	Francis Pott
2006	Carol: Misere' Nobis[34] (Jesu of a Maiden Thou wast Born)	Words: a version of a medieval English language ballad Music: Mark-Anthony Turnage
	Organ postlude: Recessional on "In the Dour Midwinter"[34]	Lionel Steuart Fothringham
2007	Ballad: Noël (Now comes the dawn)[25] (Stardust and vaporous lite)	Words: Richard Watson Gilder Music: Brett Dean
	Organ postlude: Sortie on "In Dulci Jubilo"[25]	David Briggs
2008	Mary (The Night when She Commencement Gave Birth)[21]	Words: Bertolt Brecht, translated by Michael Hamburger Music: Dominic Muldowney
2009	The Christ Child[35]	Words: GK Chesterton Music: Gabriel Jackson[36]
2010	Christmas Carol (Offerings they brought of gilded)	Words: Einojuhani Rautavaara, translated by Hanni-Mari & Christopher Latham Music: Einojuhani Rautavaara[37]
2011	Christmas hath a darkness	Words: Christina Rossetti Music: Tansy Davies[38]
2012	Ring Out, Wild Bells	Words: Alfred, Lord Tennyson Music: Carl Vine[39]
2013	Hear the vocalization of the Bard	Words: William Blake Music: Thea Musgrave[twoscore]
2014	De Virgine Maria	Words: 12th-century Latin, translated by Ronald Knox Music: Carl Rütti
2015	The Flying	Words: George Szirtes Music: Richard Causton[41]
2016	This Endernight	Words: Anonymous c1400 Music: Michael Berkeley[42]
2017	Carol Eliseus	Words: Welsh Music: Huw Watkins[43]
2018	O Mercy Divine	Words: Charles Wesley[44] Music: Judith Weir[45]
2019	The Angel Gabriel	Words: Sabine Baring-Gould Music: Philip Moore[46]
2020	No new commission[47]
2021	There is no Rose	Words: English, 15th Century Music: Cecilia McDowall[48]

Omnipresence at the service [edit]

The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols held on Christmas Eve at King'southward College Chapel is open to the general public. The service is very popular, and some people start queuing the nighttime before as need for seats always exceeds the number available.^[49]

See also [edit]

• Anglican church building music
• List of carols at the Ix Lessons and Carols, Male monarch's College Chapel
• 100 Years of Nine Lessons and Carols

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Dibble 2017, p. 399.
2. ^ "Christmas at the Cathedral". Royal Cornwall Gazette. Falmouth. twenty Dec 1878. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
3. ^ Alex Webb (24 Dec 2001), "Choir that sings to the world", BBC News .
4. ^ ^{a b c} Gray, Christopher (29 Nov 2013). "How Truro created Christmas musical history". The Guardian . Retrieved 9 May 2019.
5. ^ ^{a b} "Nine Lessons and Carols". www.trurocathedral.org.uk.
6. ^ "Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols". bbc.co.great britain. 16 December 2005.
7. ^ "100th Almanac Service of Lessons and Carols | Role of the Chaplains and Religious Life". www.brown.edu . Retrieved 4 October 2019.
8. ^ ^{a b} McGrath, Alister E. (2006). Christianity: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 293. ISBN9781405108997.
9. ^ "Spiritual Life at Groton". Groton School . Retrieved 4 Oct 2019.
10. ^ ^{a b c d due east} Ix lessons and carols: History of the service, King's College Chapel, retrieved 9 March 2008 .
11. ^ "In the Chapel: Carols". King'due south College Cambridge . Retrieved 4 October 2019.
12. ^ Humphreys, Garry (20 May 2012). "The Choir of King'south College, Cambridge made world-famous past Boris Ord". www.semibrevity.com . Retrieved 2 Oct 2019.
13. ^ Coghlan, Alexandra (2016). Carols From King'due south. Random House. p. 168. ISBN9781473530515 . Retrieved 2 October 2019.
14. ^ Metzler, Natasha (ix June 2009). "New National Recording Registry entries announced". Associated Press, San Fransciso Relate. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
15. ^ History of A Festival of Ix Lessons and Carols, King's College, Cambridge, retrieved 25 Dec 2010 .
16. ^ "Carols from Male monarch's". www.bbc.co.britain . Retrieved 25 December 2020.
17. ^ "Carols from King'due south to exist sung in empty chapel for get-go time in a century". The Guardian. 29 November 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
18. ^ "Radio to broadcast recorded version of Christmas Eve service". King'southward College Cambridge . Retrieved 31 Baronial 2021.
19. ^ Peter Kingston (21 December 2007), "The earth's greatest carol upshot", The Guardian (EducationGuardian) .
20. ^ "A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols 2004". Male monarch'south College, Cambridge. University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 24 October 2014. Retrieved 3 Nov 2014.
21. ^ ^{a b} A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2008 (PDF), Provost and Fellows of King'due south College, Cambridge, 24 December 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 5 November 2010, retrieved 25 December 2008 . For the songs sung in earlier years, see "List of carols performed at the Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's Higher Chapel, Cambridge".
22. ^ Morris Eaves; Robert N. Essick; Joseph Viscomi (eds.). "Songs of Innocence and of Experience, re-create C, object ix (Bentley 8, Erdman 8, Keynes 8) "The Lamb"". William Blake Archive. Retrieved 26 September 2013.
23. ^ ^{a b} Ix Lessons and Carols 2001, Provost and Fellows of King'south Higher, Cambridge, 2001, archived from the original on 9 Dec 2007, retrieved 1 January 2008 .
24. ^ ^{a b c} A Festival of Ix Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2005 (PDF), Provost and Fellows of King's College, Cambridge, 24 December 2005, archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2006, retrieved 1 Jan 2008 .
25. ^ ^{a b c} A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2007 (PDF), Provost and Fellows of Rex's College, Cambridge, 24 December 2007, archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011, retrieved 24 December 2007 .
26. ^ Nine Lessons and Carols 1997, Provost and Fellows of King's College, Cambridge, 1997, archived from the original on 28 September 2006, retrieved 1 January 2008 .
27. ^ Nine Lessons and Carols 1998, Provost and Fellows of King'south College, Cambridge, 1998, archived from the original on 13 August 2007, retrieved 1 January 2008 .
28. ^ Nine Lessons and Carols 1999, Provost and Fellows of King's College, Cambridge, 1999, archived from the original on 16 December 2007, retrieved 1 Jan 2008 .
29. ^ Nine Lessons and Carols 2000, Provost and Fellows of King's Higher, Cambridge, 2000, archived from the original on 8 Baronial 2007, retrieved 1 January 2008 .
30. ^ Nine Lessons and Carols 2002, Provost and Fellows of King's Higher, Cambridge, 2002, archived from the original on 17 November 2007, retrieved 1 January 2008 .
31. ^ Nine Lessons and Carols 2003, King'southward College Chapel, Cambridge, 2003, archived from the original on 25 December 2007, retrieved 1 January 2008 .
32. ^ Ix Lessons and Carols 2004, Provost and Fellows of King's Higher, Cambridge, 2004, archived from the original on 17 January 2008, retrieved ane January 2008 .
33. ^ In addition, a carol entitled Starry Night O'er Bethlehem with words past Anne Willcocks and music by David Willcocks was also specially written for the service.
34. ^ ^{a b} A Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, Christmas Eve, 2006 (PDF), Provost and Fellows of Rex'due south College, Cambridge, 24 December 2006, archived from the original (PDF) on four February 2007, retrieved 1 January 2008 .
35. ^ OUP Choral News E-mail October 2009, 9 Oct 2009 .
36. ^ Oxford Music Now (PDF), Oxford University Press, Spring 2009, p. 5, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011, retrieved 16 May 2009 .
37. ^ Boosey & Hawkes - Performance Agenda , retrieved 24 October 2010 .
38. ^ A Festival of Nine Lessons & Carols, Order of Service, 2011 (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2012, retrieved 25 December 2011 .
39. ^ A Festival of Ix Lessons & Carols, Guild of Service, 2012 (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on xvi January 2013, retrieved 27 Dec 2012 .
40. ^ Commissioned carol sets Blake poem to music , retrieved v December 2013 .
41. ^ Richard Causton composes 2015 commissioned carol , retrieved 29 Nov 2015 .
42. ^ Michael Berkeley composes Christmas commissioned carol , retrieved 19 November 2016 .
43. ^ New Christmas Eve ballad appear , retrieved 9 December 2017 ^{[ permanent dead link ]} .
44. ^ http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/sites/default/files/chapel/9lc_order_of_service_2018.pdf%7Caccessdate=fifteen ^{[ permanent dead link ]} Dec 2018
45. ^ "News".
46. ^ "King's commissions a new ballad for Christmas Eve".
47. ^ Interview with Daniel Hyde > 'The Irregular Christmas'; BBC Music Magazine, Christmas 2020, p 35
48. ^ "King'due south announces commissioned carol for Christmas Eve".
49. ^ Hallows, Neil (22 December 2006). "Queuing for King's". BBC News . Retrieved 5 October 2019.

Sources [edit]

• Dibble, Jeremy (2017). "Music and Anglicanism in the Nineteenth Century". In Rowan Stiff (ed.). The Oxford History of Anglicanism, Volume Iii: Partisan Anglicanism and its Global Expansion 1829-c. 1914. Vol. III. Oxford: Academy Press. ISBN978-0-xix-108462-ane.

Further reading [edit]

• Cleobury, Stephen (December 1988), "Nine Lessons and Carols at Male monarch's: lxx Years On", The Musical Times, The Musical Times, Vol. 129, No. 1750, 129 (1750): 687–689, doi:10.2307/966672, JSTOR 966672 .
• Barnett, Laura (9 Dec 2006), "My calendar week: Stephen Cleobury", The Daily Telegraph (Weekend) ^{[ dead link ]} .

External links [edit]

• King's Higher Chapel's webpage most the service
• Detailed order of service for 2009

morwoodmysinsiging.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols

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